History of James Town Virginia Essay

James town is regarded as the first permanent English colony in America. It was founded in 1607 in Virginia. Physically, this colony had an upper hand in military benefits since it had a deep mooring which acted as the harbor for ships as well as being far up the James River in a location that was out of sight of the Spanish whom the Britons did not want a confrontation with. The site was also semi arid in nature and the colony was fully protected on all its 3 sides by the marshes and by the James River. Its founding led to a series of encounters in terms of culture and these aided in shaping America as a nation and the world at large (Carbone, 17) . The culture and lifestyles of these early Virginians is what has shaped the heritage of United States in terms of governance, language, beliefs, aspirations and customs. The establishment of James town as a colony was sponsored by a group of investors who called themselves the Virginia Company of London. The main aim of this company was to benefit in terms of monetary gains especially from new outlets and colonies. The company was also established in a way to compete with the French and the Spanish internationally (Haile, 14). This group set out on the basis of a charter granted to the company by King James I. the main reasons why King James sent the ships to sail was to go forth and find gold, find a direct route to the south seas, and /or find the lost Roanoke Colony. Jamestown was therefore the first British colony in North America. The aim of these investors was to benefit in terms of profits from this venture. The first ships to reach the Virginia coast were The Susan Constant, Discovery and Godspeed which arrived there in late April 1606. These ships carried a total of 105 passengers. Captain Christopher Newport led the expedition and after two weeks, they discovered a site along James River that was favorable in terms of its good defensive position and deep water anchorage. The site that these explorers chose was 60 kilometers from the bay of James River. The reason for this was that the expeditors did not want any conflict with the Spaniards who had already settled there (Colonial Life Jamestown 1607, 1998). The passengers disembarked on the day after and started settling. These first colonialists were made of upper class Englishmen. The location of the colony was in the midst of Algonquian-speaking Indians who were governed by a powerful ruler referred to as Powhatan. The main aim of the passengers on board the three small ships was glory and destiny, wealth and discovery. Little did they know that the steps they had taken for their own benefit and their own personal beliefs and dreams that they set out to achieve was the first step in the birth of a nation currently called the United States of America (Smith, 13). Problems faced in the colony. The established of the colony was faced with many problems that included establishment of the colony in a poor location that was insect infected, marshy and which lacked fresh waters. This lack of water led to diseases like Malaria and dysentery which claimed many lives. Other problems in the newly established colonies were the in ability to deal with the native Indians which led to frequent war fares. The first colonialists were lazy and they hated farming and therefore they were unable to feed themselves. The original colonialists were not ready to engage in any form of labor even if it was for their own personal interests of preservation. They were not used to hard manual labor and since they were considered as gentlemen, they preferred lazing around to working in the farm. This led to the death toll in the colony being catastrophic and this led to an unprecedented savagery level (Doherty, 7-8). The area that the original colonialists chose was low lying and swampy and this made it a good spot as a breeding ground for insects and more so mosquitoes. This therefore made the original colonialists to be vulnerable to a variety of diseases. Because of the marshy nature of the Island, it was impossible for the colonialists to obtain fresh water and this made them drink the salty water from the James River or that from the well which was brackish in nature (Bridenbaugh, 47). The colonialists were also unable to maintain or form a peaceful and workable relationship with the Native Indians. This made the relationship between the settlers from Britain and the Powhatans Indians to be strained and violent in the whole of the colonial period (Morgan, 90). The high rate of mortality rates was also a major problem in James town. It is estimated that 3 out of the 4 6000 settlers who settled in James town between 1607 and 1624 died. This increase in mortality rate led to the Colony being referred as â€Å"a hellhole where savage death, illness and death awaited (Doherty, 112). In the early days, the colony also suffered from explosions and fires which were disastrous and the city is reported to have been burnt down twice. Governance of the colony The colony was initially governed by a council of 7 members whereby one member served as the president. Serious relationships in terms of relations with the Indians soon emerged even though there were established trading opportunities. The colony was affected by a rise in disease and death due to lack of water, supply of blackish water and an unfamiliar climate, conditions which were influenced by a prolonged drought. Because the original colonialists of this colony were upper class Englishmen, there was lack of skilled farmers and sufficient labors in the colony. The passengers of these ships were mainly townsmen and adventurers who were more concerned with farming as compared to farming. Therefore they were unequipped in terms of temperament and the ability to embark and adapt in a new life in the wilderness. In September 1609, Captain John Smith took over as the leader of the colony. He was the fourth council president and he is best known for establishing the no work, no food policy. This policy meant that those people who did not participate in the work shall not share in the food as well. He was also very instrumental and influential in trading with the Indians for food. He therefore emerged as a dominant figure and he was able to instill discipline and this was influential in holding the colony together. This he achieved despite constant attacks from the Native Americans, starvation and constant quarrels. Captain Smith was injured in the fall of 1609 by burning gunpowder and this made him leave for England never to return to Virginia again. His departure led to the descent of the colony into anarchy. John Smith is proclaimed to be the only man who was able to maintain peace between the Indians and the settlers. After his departure, the colony was faced with a starving time which was basically a warfare period between the Native Indians and the Colonialists. The Starving Time involved a colony that was hard hit by a winter season that led to the freezing of the river. This led to the death, through disease, of many Britons both men and women. Many of these colonialists succumbed to disease in the winter of 1609-1610 and died. By May 1610, only 20% of the original first colonialists were arrive i. . 60 of the original 300 who were settlers in Virginia (Smith, 58). It was at this time that the colonialists decided to leave James town and therefore abandon it. No sooner had they decided this than other settlers arrived in Virginia in search of wealth. These settlers arrived in 1610 and they carried with them supplies from England. Their arrival was based on a second charter granted by King James I. the provision of this charter was a stronger leadership which was to be implemented by a governor who worked hand in hand with a group of advisors. This charter also provided for a period of military law that could be introduced and this law carried with it a harsh punishment that was implemented on those who did not follow orders or those who refused to obey. It was in 1619 at Jamestown where the first British representative government in America began. The new settlers’ aimed at making profits for the Virginia Company and therefore they involved themselves in various small industries that included wood production, glassmaking and tar, potash and pitch manufacture. However these ventures were not successful (Smith, 58). It was John Rolfe who in 1613 introduced tobacco as a cash crop with an aim of profiting the company. The embracement of tobacco as a cash crop led to the rapid growth and expansion of Virginia colony. This is because its cultivation required large amounts of investment in terms of land labor. This made the settlers to move to the lands formerly occupied by the Native Indians. This also led to more servants coming to Virginia. This was a development that revolutionized the economy of Virginia. What John Rolfe did was to simply cross breed the seed of imported tobacco from West Indies with that of the native plants and this led to the development of a new variety that fitted and was pleasing in taste to the preferences of the Europeans. Even after this development, the prosperity of Virginia colony did not occur immediately. This is because during this period, the rate of death from starvation, diseases and attacks from the native Indians was still very high. On average, around 14000 Britons had migrated to the Virginia colony between the years 1607 and 1924. However by the end of 1924, only about 1,132 Britons were living there (Traugh, 96). Relationship between Jamestown and other colonies. There came a time in the mid 17th century whereby the mother country i. e. England paid little attention to its American colonies. This led to England neglecting some of its colonies in North America. The colonies in North America also suffered from the bitter religious and political contention that existed in the Mother country and Jamestown was not excluded. The bitter rivalries in religion that occurred in Britain affected the overseas colonies Jamestown included (Traugh, 96).

Tesco : Retail & Logistics Mgt

The business world nowadays is very different from the past. It is fast changing, challenging and full of opportunities. In order to sustain the business, the companies need to minimize costs, maximize profits and make the business environmentally sustainable. The management of the organization achieve these goals through supply chain management has recently focused (Fawcett, et al. , 2007). Tesco is one of the World’s leading retailer with operations in United Kingdom, Korea, Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia, Hungary, Malaysia, Japan, China and the United States.She became increasingly significant on the international stage. The supply chain transformation has underpinned to this retail success story. Tesco adopted a common operating model across its worldwide business, admitting it to spread and support key supply chain and replenishment applications when it expanded into new countries. Tesco leveraged a common model across multiple countries and strong willingness to acc ept local market without losing its core identity, this allowed Tesco think globally and act locally (Smith and Sparks 1993 and Gustafsson et al 2006).There were four main improving stages in distribution and supply chain strategies in Tesco that could be demonstrated; Direct to store delivery, centralization, composite distribution and vertical collaboration and ‘lean’ supply chains (Fernie & Sparks, 2009). Direct to store delivery (DSD): This process operated in mid-1970s. The direct delivery by the manufacturers and suppliers to the retail shops whenever they wanted. Shop manages operated in own interest. These made central control and standardization more difficult.A requirement of alternative in approach to supply and distribution occurred as the new corporate business strategy took hold (Fernie & Sparks, 2009). Centralization: This process was applied to move away from DSD in 1980. The introduction of centralization compelled suppliers to meet Tesco’s opera tional demands and gave control over the supply of products to stores within a lead time of maximum of 48 hours. Suppliers were forced to deliver into the distribution centers of the supply network.This allowed faster stock turn, better lead time and reduced inventory cost. Moreover, the organized network of centralized distribution centers was linked by computer to stores and head offices. Buffer stock level and operations stock was reduced. However, this created problems of high logistic cost due to the increased delivery frequency, running of empty or un-full vehicle and increased labor cost on more frequent receiving. Nevertheless, outsourcing was the key component of the revised supply chain network.It allowed making comparison between Tesco’s operated centers and outside contractors, to measure the practices between two parties and drive efficiency (Fernie & Sparks, 2009). Composite Distribution: This integrated strategy of supply was implemented in 1990, in ongoing imp rovement process. It enabled chilled, fresh and frozen products to be distributed by multi-temperature warehouses and vehicles through a common system. Special designed vehicles with individual temperature control compartments were used to delivery any combination of these products.According to Fernie and Sparks (2009, pg. ,151), â€Å"The move to composite led to the further centralization of more product groups , the reduction of stock holding, faster product movement along the channel, better information sharing, the reduction of order lead times and stronger code control for critical products. This composite structure became the backbone of the supply network. † Tesco international business growth and the new methods of working, the composite nature of centers became regional distribution centers (RDC) gradually.Vertical Collaboration and â€Å"Lean† Supply Chains: Jones and Clarke (2002) stated that there were lots of chances for improvement even in the best-run v alue streams. A famous quoted example, Tesco cola can journey (Womack and Jones 2005). The can example demonstrated the improvement process undertaken by Tesco. Firstly, map of the traditional value stream. Secondly, value stream flow was designed. Finally, Tesco turn up from flow principle and began to look at synchronization and aspects of lean manufacturing and upply (Fernie & Sparks, 2009). â€Å"Tesco moved to a lean supply system using the flow system multiple daily orders were send to suppliers allowing for multiple deliveries, reducing stock holding through cross-docking and varying availabilities and quality (Fernie and Sparks 2009, pg. , 155). Tesco initialed to change the supply chain pattern to fit in various countries. The success infrastructure and the processes of supply chain were embedded in new enter countries.For example, Hungary, Ireland, Korea, Poland and Czech Republic, major RDC was built in these countries. The composite model had been effectively implemente d, even with the same logistics service partners (Child, 2002). However, in some occasion, Tesco needed to rethink the supply system and adopting advanced information technology as the springboard to step forward. For example, Oracle Retail Warehouse Management System was deployed in Korea in 2004. Successful implementations transplanted to other countries. Oracle Corporation, 2012) Similarly, Micro Focus was selected to upgrade the supply chain management systems (Continuous Replenishment Application) to create a common model across all countries and support to move into US market in 2007 (Micro Focus, 2011). Summarizing the above, the outcome of an informed supply chain and the development of advanced IT infrastructure enable seamless information sharing on a common platform with internet-based network. It enhanced the effectiveness and efficiency of the supply chain.According to Harrison and Hoek (2008), Information sharing technology enables collaborative partners working togeth er from product design, manufacturing, logistic flow, demand forecasting, replenishment planning and work closely to align their organization strategy in order to achieve competitive advantage. Kotler (1988) claimed that a company going abroad must study and understanding each foreign market carefully, being sensitive to its culture and economics, and apply adjustment in its products and communication to suit local needs.With support of the above authors, Tesco had made a remarkable supply chain operation in international expansion. Question 2: Different aspects concerning Tesco’s International experience are included in the indicated case study from page 30. You are required to select and evaluate three of these experiences. Various dimensions of Tesco’s international experience are illustrated in the case study. The following experiences are selected to be evaluated, they are entry mode experiences, marketing and communications and human capital experience.Entry mode experience: Expansion into foreign markets can be carried out via the four mechanisms; direct investment, acquisition, licensing and joint venture (Foley, 1999). The entry mode that Tesco chose to adopt when entering foreign market was acquisition (Yoruk & Radoservic, 2000). (Fig. 1) Compared to other large retail companies such as Wal-Mart who lean to focus on larger market, Tesco tended to take a more conservative entry strategy. Tesco entered the central European market through store-by-store mode. It allowed testing on the market with comparatively lower startup cost.The human and financial capital was also minimized. On the other hand, the cost of failure or replacing them by larger hypermarket was also lower. After a testing period of these acquisitions, Tesco started to expand through Greenfield investments. It constructed new hypermarkets in outskirt (Beckmann, 1999). This was a very aspiring change for Tesco since this was totally new. This approach allowed to have a exper ience on the expand which is completely apart from current domestic supermarket format and extend the international retail store operations.Marketing and communication: Tesco learned from accumulated experiences in approaching new markets, compared to the failure experience in entering the Ireland and French markets, Tesco made success in entering Czech Republic because of its vigorous initiative to adopt the local market without drooping its core identity which were offered low prices, high quality product and services. With global strategies and adapt customization in each local market, like McDonalds operates, with a global development plan, but adapting locally, has become known as ‘glocalisation’.Tiplady (2003) defined that the way in which ideas and structures that circulate globally and adapted and changed by local realities. Tesco adopted this as the core strategy to enter different foreign markets continuously. In recognizing and understanding the local needs, which included the needs of customers, competitors and the macro environment. Global sourcing and supply chain experience: As mentioned previously, Tesco think globally and act locally. It’s chosen to create a long term relationship with local producer in individual countries.For example, in considering the high level of national identity existing in Czech Republic, Tesco worked with the local food processors and farmers to develop its own label products at a lower cost. In UK, almost cover 40% of own brand products (Yoruk & Radoservic, 2000). In Ireland, Tesco also supported local Irish products and producers. It purchased goods worth ? 900 million annually from Irish companies in 2002. Tesco also worked together with the Irish companies to produce Tesco brand products for both domestic and international market which increased the production volume (Anon, 2000).In 2010, Irish exported more than ? 700 million of goods to worldwide Tesco. This also set up a corporate social re sponsibility image which create as a high corporate reputation and a positive image to the customers too. The remarkable supply chain operation in international expansion was adapted in changing mode to fit different countries. The successful implementation would become the back bone of the supply chain and embedded to other location with adjustment. The initiative in adopting new information technology infrastructure to enable information sharing which improved the supplier’s relationships.Question 3: Select a global retail company of your choice and discuss how globalization impacted on their strategy approach. Globalization is the concept of how global companies seeking to grow its business by extending its markets whilst at the same time seeking cost reduction through economic of scale in areas such as purchasing, production and focused manufacturing and or assembly operations (Christopher, 2005). IKEA is one of the world’s largest furniture retailers. It perceives itself as the leader within the global market of home furniture. In 2010, it has 280 stores in 26 countries worldwide.The core business idea of IKEA is to offer a wide range of well-designed, functional home furnishing products at low prices that most of the people can afford. Its main business strategy is â€Å"one-design-suits-all† that is aligning the design of products so as to enjoy economies of scale, efficiency as well as lower cost. Therefore, IKEA designs the product that suit as many markets as possible. The flat packaging system for packing its furniture to optimize carrier space, lower down the utilization of warehouse space and minimizing the types of pallets used to store is extraordinary.It helps to cut down the costs compared to other competitors. Moreover, IKEA has a wide supplier base all over the world. Most of them located in low-cost nations, for example, China and East Europe. IKEA maintains a good and long-term relationship with its suppliers. It suppo rts its suppliers in the form of leased equipment, credit facilities or even extending guarantees for supplier’s bank loan. With strong alliance and partnership with suppliers, in return, improved relationship with the suppliers, hence IKEA could be certain on the supply, standardization of products at high quality with the optimum low price.Furthermore, IKEA also benefits from the scale of its global business. All of the suppliers need to comply with IKEA’s IWAY requirement. The IWAY is a recognized standard and a quality assurance selling point to both the current and potential new customer. Organizations have attempted to expand into new markets with the target to enjoy the benefits through globalization. A new demand in logistical activities in supply chain is increased (Skjott-Larsen, et al. , 2007). IKEA’s global supply chain involves more than 1380 suppliers, 41 trading service offices, 31 distribution centers (DC) and 11 customer DCs across the world.IKE A provides its suppliers with support in logistics and IT. The transport manager finds the optimal mode of transportation, delivery lead time and cost involved. IKEA preferred to build its DCs closer to seaports in order to use more ocean transport and less of road and rail transport. Products are either delivered directly to the stores or the DCs whichever is closer. For those slow moving items, they are delivered to those centralized DCs which can cover for a large region (Trent & Monczka, 2002) .In addition, standardization helped IKEA to manage pilot projects at a DC and embedded in worldwide DCs if found successful. It enables IKEA to benchmark the performances of various DCs as all worked on identical procedures. The flat packaging is all designed to fit the highest possible products into the containers minimize logistic cost. This meliorates the efficiency and lower the overall landed costs of products (Agndal, 2006). Moreover, IKEA applies the same design, technology, and op erations at all of its facilities thus the processes are standardize across the supply chain.The employees could move from any one location around the world that actually opens the opportunities for staff to widen their career experience and learn other cultures (Kling & Goteman, 2003). Globalization is an ongoing development processes. These are not purely concern on the geographical spread of economic activities across national boundaries. It also includes the functional integration of globally scattered activities. The enterprises convert into a unit that is linked to the world at large instead of a domestic unit (Dicken, 2003). Bibliography Agndal, H. , 2006.The purchasing market entry process – A study of 10 Swedish insudtrial small and medium-sized enterprise. Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, 12(4), pp. 182-196. Andersen, M. & Skjoett-Larsen, T. , 2009. Corporate social responsibilty in global supply chains. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 1 4(2), pp. 75-89. Anon, 2000. An entry strategy for the Irish market, Ireland: The Irish Times. Beckmann, A. , 1999. Dysfunctional Decision-Making -The Battle for Prague's Future. Central Europe Review, 1(21). Bowersox, D. , Closs, D. & Copper, M. , 2003.Supply Chain Logistic Management. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Brut, S. L. & Sparks, L. , 2003. Power and competition in the UK retail grocery market. British Journal of Management, Volume 14, pp. 237-254. Child, P. N. , 2002. Taking Tesco Global. Mckinsey Quarterly, Volume 3, pp. 135-144. Christopher, M. , 2005. Logister and Supply Chain Management: Creating Value-Adding Networks. 3rd ed. London: Pearson Education Publications. Dicken, P. , 2003. Global Shift: Resharping The Global Economic Map in The 21th Century. 4th ed. London: Sage Publication. Fawcett, S. , Ellram, L. & Ogden, J. 2007. Supply Chain Management : From Vision to Implementation. London: Pearson. Fernie, J. & Sparks, L. , 2009. Logistics & Retail Management: Eme rging issues and new challengers in the retail supply chain. 3rd ed. London: Kogan Page Limited. Foley, F. J. , 1999. The Global Enterpreneur : Taking Your Business International. Chicago: Dearborn Financial Publishing Inc.. Gustafsson, K. , Jonson, G. , Smith, D. & Sparks, L. , 2006. Retailing Logistics abd Fresh Food Packaging. London: Kogan Page. Handfiled, R. B. & Nichols, E. L. , 2004. Key issues in global supply base management.Industrial Marketing Mangement, 33(1), pp. 29-35. Harrison, A. & Hoek, R. V. , 2008. Logistic Managment and Strategy : Competing through the supply chain. 3rd ed. London: Pearson. Hugos, M. , Hunt, T. & Philips, T. , 2007. Scoring Points: How Tesco continues to win customer loyalty. 2nd ed. London: Kogan Page Ltd. Jones, D. T. & Clarke, P. , 2002. Creating a customer driven supply chain. ECR Journal, 2(2), pp. 28-37. Kirkwood, D. A. , 1984. How Tesco manages the distribution function. Retail and Distribution Management, 12(5), pp. 61-65. Kling, K. & Got eman, I. , 2003.IKEA CEO Anders Dahlvig on international growth and IKEA's unique corporate culture and brand identity. Academy of Management Executive, 17(1), pp. 31-37. Kotler, P. , 1988. Marketing Management – Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control. 6th ed. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall International. Mangan, J. , Lalwani, C. , Butcher, T. & Javadpour, R. , 2012. Global Logistics & Supply Chain Management. 2nd ed. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mohorovice, D. , 2000. Minding the store Tesco Commercial Director Paul House on customer service, supplier relations, and what milk and home mortages have in common.Budapest Business Journal, p. 9. Monczka, R. M. & Trent, R. J. , 1991. Global sourcing: A development approach. International Journal of Purchasing and Material Management, 27(2), pp. 2-8. Palmer, M. , 2004. International restructure and divestment: The experience of Tesco. Journal of Marketing Management, Volume 20, pp. 1075-1105. Palmer, M. , 2005. Retail mult inational learning: a case study of Tesco. International of Retail & Distribution Management, 33(1), pp. 23-48. Powell, D. , 1991. Counter Revolution: The Tesco Story. London: Grafton Books. Riera, J. , 2000.Tesco sourcing teams to drive down global costs. The Retail Week, 17 March, p. 1. Seonng, M. S. , 2005. Fairness and Relationship Quality Perceived by Local Suppliers. Journal of Global Marketing, Issue 18, pp. 1-2, 5-19. Skjott-Larsen, T. , Schary, B. P. , Mikkola, J. H. & Kotzab, H. , 2007. Managing The Global Supply Chain. 3rd ed. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press. Smith, D. L. G. & Sparks, L. , 1993. The transformation of physical distribution in retailing: the example of Tesco Plc. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 3(1), pp. 35-64. Tiplady, R. 2003. One World or Many: The impact of globalisation on mission. Pasadena: William Carey Library. Trent, R. J. & Monczka, R. M. , 2002. Pursuing competitive advantage through integrated global sourcing. Academy of Management Executive, 16(2), pp. 66-80. Vivek, S. , 2011. Supply Chain as Strategy Asset : The Key to Reaching Busines Goals. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Womack, J. P. & Jones, D. T. , 2005. Lean Solutions. London: Simon and Schuster. Yoruk, D. & Radoservic, S. , 2000. International Expansion and Buyer-Driven Commodity Chain: The Case of Tesco. [Art] (University College London).

The Personal Attack: The Logical Fallacy of Argumentum

The term â€Å"ad hominem† is a Latin phrase that translates to â€Å"against the man† (â€Å"Ad hominem†).   It is one of several logical fallacies that may appear (intentionally or otherwise) in the rhetorical mode of writing or speaking known as Argument.   The use of the ad hominem indicates that an argument (or counter-argument) is focusing not on the issue or cause, but on the issue’s presenter, and it generally takes the form of a personal attack of the presenter’s character (â€Å"Introduction to Ad Hominem Fallacies†). The soundest ad hominem attacks are made up of two steps.   The first step is to discredit the speaker/presenter/sponsor, and the second step is to imply that because the speaker/presenter/sponsor is a â€Å"bad† person, the issue or cause must be bad as well (â€Å"Introduction to Ad Hominem Fallacies†). For example, prior to the last local election, I attended a debate between two city council candidates regarding a public school bond measure.   Having read about the issue, I was aware that the facts proved the bond’s cost would far outweigh the anticipated minimal benefits—benefits that had not been shown to occur in similar communities.   I had seen no evidence to support any logical argument to encourage citizen’s to support the bond issue, so I was not surprised when one candidate turned the factual debate into a personal attack of his opponent. The argument: that his opponent had no school-aged children and because of this, his opponent has no vested interest in the success or failure of the community’s public school system. Obviously the candidate who was attacking his opponent (via the ad hominem) hoped that people would equate his opponent’s lacking school-aged children with an inability to assess a public school bond issue properly. The logical counter to this fallacious argument would be to return the focus to the facts: if  passed, would the school bond result in improvements or would it not?   If passed, would the  costs of the school bond be worth the benefits or not?   I would quickly point out that whether or  not one has children has no bearing on one’s ability to assess the fiscal impact of a set of facts,  and I would add to that, that if this were a logical supposition, that only those who had children  should be allowed to vote on the bond issue as obviously only those with children have  the capacity to make a sound decision in this area. References Ad hominem.   (2000).   In The American heritage dictionary of the English language (4th ed.).   Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Introduction to ad hominem fallacies.   (n.d.).   Mission Critical.   Retrieved October 17, 2006, from http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/itl/graphics/adhom/adhom.html

Donner Party Disaster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Donner Party Disaster - Essay Example Defining the events, circumstances and the effects which occurred can also create a deeper understanding of what occurred and how the matter should be looked into. This will help to justify the tragedy and create an understanding of the dangers that come with traveling to California. The Donner Party disaster began in 1846 with 500 wagons that decided to move west for independence and to be a part of the growth in California. This was based on the ideology of creating a large Catholic community and with the concept of Manifest Destiny as a part of the application. The proposal of route was defined first by George Donner, who was going west to help with re-building a life in which Catholic beliefs could easily be practiced. It was also associated with James Reed who was interested in helping with his wife’s recovery, who was suffering from tuberculosis. The leader of the group through Wyoming was William Russell who set the route for all 500 wagons. This created the first probl em, which was a delay because of an uprising in the river and which caused many to reconsider the approach needed to cross the river (McGlashan, p. 16). This first problem which arose was one of circumstance but what is led to the final outcome of the event. The initial problem with the route was defined when Hastings sent letters to emigrants interested in starting a new wife. The experience which Hastings had also created a recommendation to start a new route and to travel in large groups. However, this explanation didn’t provide information on what the new route should be with most of the territory being unexplored. This was followed by the leaders who tried to work on the trailer, including Donner, Bryant and Jim Bridger. The approach which was taken was to avoid hostile Indians and to take an approach based on an easier route than Hastings took. Similar to the first problem, the decision made by all leaders was based on finding a simpler route and looking for solutions t o the main problem. From this perspective, none can be blamed over the unknown circumstances which were faced. Hastings was also riding ahead with the new trail, specifically to assist with the difficulties; however, the objective of getting over the mountain passes led most with the need to continue to move through the journey. It was the leadership that was based on a difficult journey that led to mishaps and difficulties during the travels (Rarick, p.11). The last consideration to make was when the families began to split on the journey. This is key to the outcome of the tragedy, specifically beginning with the distrust between Reed, Donner and the Eddys. The first problem was circumstantial, specifically because the families had to try to move before the snow fell. The decision to disperse instead of ride together because of the growing distrust was the largest mistake made. This was followed by the families getting stuck in a blizzard, which was also circumstantial and led to t he desperation of those in the mountains to eating each other’s flesh. When looking at the diaries and other pieces of evidence, each points to the blizzard as the main problem, which led to the lack of a crew coming to save the emigrants and a lack of capabilities in trying to move forward (Stewart, p. 21). When looking at the circumstances, it can be seen that there was no fault that took place among those who were trying to make it to the west. The circumstances of weather, taking in a new path and trying to find easier routes for travel were all situations which could not be helped. Holding the Donners or others responsible for the unknown then becomes problematic. This is combined with the misunderstandings of the lack of

Poem analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Poem analysis - Essay Example The poem has no specific setting since it describes the struggles of a man rather than where he is, but it could be argued that the setting is that of a house since that is where the author would feel most lonely without the presence of his wife. From this poem is it clear that no matter how attached or how much pain we experience after losing a loved one, we eventually learn to live without them. The poem talks about the author’s grief for his dead wife and how he finally managed to cope with his loss. The whole poem is one huge metaphor of a man stressed with the weight of the box on him while in the real sense the whole scenario actually represents the author struggling with his grief over losing his wife. All 13 lines of the poem are metaphors describing the grief of the author. For example, the author says, â€Å"He manages like somebody carrying a box that is too heavy, first with his arms underneath† (line 1-3). The writer vividly explains how he managed to get on with his daily routines after his wife died, how hard it was to live a normal life with her around. The author uses hyperbole when he says that he managed to life but like someone carrying a box that is too heavy for him such that he has to use his entire body to hold the weight. He uses this exaggeration to help the reader understand the intensity of his pain and grief. The author carries on with the metaphor until the finale of the poem where he says â€Å"but now, the man can hold underneath again, so th at he can go on without putting the box down† (line 11-13). The author simply says that after much struggle with his grief he eventually learned to deal and handle it so well that he could almost live a normal life without sadness and a sense of loss. By symbolizing his experience with grief with a man struggling with a heavy box, the author has managed to make the reader experience his

Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Latin America - Essay Example In addition, thousands of people moved in to work on the projects, an aspect which further led to degraded environment and global warming. The subdivision of land led to reduced food, turning small holder’s farmers into peasants ( Hobbs, 2008). Mining areas degraded farming lands and destroyed the natural environment for micro-organisms. These developments were both for worse and better of the region. For worse, the natural environment had been destroyed and better, it lead to production of minerals which spurred economic growth. Initially, the entire Latin America was under colonial government which also had many interests in the region. It had an America based United Fruit company which functioned as a unifying factor in the region. The Company owned large tracts of land which covered or spilled in nearly all countries in Latin America. This means that Latin America during colonial time was actually treated like one region geographically ( Hobbs, 2008). As such, the company and thus, the United States had a lot of influence on the regional politics. However, local leaders started changing laws governing land. For instance, the president of Guatemala, Arbenz developed land reform laws that were actually seen as a threat to the existence or interests of the American Based Fruit company. The president did not stay for long; he was ousted in 1954 by a group supported by CIA. This aspect disorganized the politics of the region. In fact, some of the countries in the region have not been so stable in terms of leadership. They also play second fiddle to the US when it comes to international trade treaties. What is more, its institutions have lacked behind of because of the unstable leadership. For instance, Mexico only started maximizing its petroleum potential in 2003, despite having discovered the mineral in 1960 ( Hobbs, 2008). Personally, I think the challenges faced by the region were instigated or triggered by the colonial government. For instance, most of

Learning Journals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Learning Journals - Essay Example On an organization perspective, a company comprises of critical parts that one would regard as the brain such as upper management and CEO’s (Buono & David 120). Additionally, these individuals are responsible for sending information to all other sections of a company in the same way the brain transmits information. Moreover, this process requires open communication lines to enhance effectiveness since these individuals inform others on the preferred mode of operation to enhance productivity. The brain comprises of two sides namely logical and creative (Buono & David 122). Apparently, organizations comprises of these sides too. They need to be logical to perform daily operations. Moreover, they need creativity to develop novel products or modernize existing commodities. If one views the negative components of an organization using the brain metaphor, an organization tends to lose focus. This mainly occurs to companies that have not established a strategic plan. Furthermore, the se organizations tend to forget their target goals. It is not appropriate to compare an organization with a brain in this case. The main negative comparison is apparent when the brain does not converse with others parts though this may occur in an organization. Employees fail to converse among themselves causing trouble within the organization. A prime advantage of this metaphor is that it recognizes the necessities of learning institutions in a comprehensive manner. Furthermore, it also recognizes how diverse components need to complement each other. A majority of management writers have performed an excellent job in recognizing the requirements of the learning process that are necessary in making learning a reality. Therefore, the strength of this metaphor is evident in its ability to bring such components together and reveal the best approach to progress (Rhodes 1). An organization’s belief and rituals identifies culture. After investigating design Inc culture, one can see how the beliefs of the founder influenced corporate culture. An organization comprises of a culture, set by management to function in a definite method and to a particular motto (Pfister 122). Therefore, Brown developed a culture of perfection in design Inc. The basis of this culture was brown’s philosophy that attainment of work satisfaction is through meeting the perfection standards as opposed to finical reward. Moreover, this standard of perfection and development within the organization allowed Brown to trade this cultural norm to individuals wishing to join the organization. He could not provide luxuries and frills offered by different companies but provided perfection and fulfillment (Pfister 124). Therefore, one can translate that the philosophy in design Inc is the belief in excellence, founded on brown’s motto of ‘Perfection or bust’. In this study, one can see the integral role executed by a leader in a culture. This determines the values that direct an organization. Brown dreamt of establishing an organization that would be different from other companies. He often said that he does not offer jobs to people but instead provides a distinctive learning experience. Morgan suggested another metaphor that views an organization as a political system. It is simple to understand how this metaphor relates to diverse organizations. Managers occasionally indicate that authority is the basis of their association with their

Critical Thinking Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical Thinking Assignment - Essay Example The essay is quite effective as it explores two sides of the coin when approaching a possible avenue of happiness that can be chosen by an individual. By doing this, one side is explored to show how much an avenue can bring happiness while at the same time pointing out how much that avenue can backfire. The argument brought forward talks of the possibility that an aspect of devotion is what brings the said happiness. Just look out for the devotion that guarantees happiness and not the ones that can bring you short-lived happiness. The essay talks of possible experiments carried out to quantify the discussion carried out on matters of happiness as well as how it can be achieved and retained to take as much possible time as possible. The experiments hope to assist individuals make informed guesses on where happiness lies. This report makes a conclusion that the arguments brought forward in this essay are valid for the sake of pursuit of happiness. It tends to bring a worthy argument on what brings about happiness. The speech stherefore talks about detailed and experimented ways to facilitate happiness. The argument is of possible high quality since experimentation and empirical research methods were used to quantify findings and to boost the trust that the audience can have on the speech for its credibility. It is however worth noting that the essay only explored fewer causes of happiness. Happiness, to different people, entails different aspects. An individual may find happiness in music and can always resort to it when feeling sad.

Financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Financial management - Essay Example Key principles that are followed by the Panel on Takeovers and Mergers are as follows: First, the panel follows the principle of equal treatment for every shareholder. According to this principle, every shareholder of the firm that is getting taken over should get equal treatment. Even if all the security holders do not posses adequate control on the operation of the company, each of them should be protected. Second, the panel strictly follows the rule of providing adequate advice and information timely to all security holders. Third, the panel can not allow the creation of any false market for the shares of the offeree firm. According to this principle, a company is allowed to announce a merger or takeover only once after it becomes completely ready for the event to conduct. Fourth, it is not possible for any firm to perform any unauthorized frustrating activities without having any approval from its shareholders. According to this principle, a firm can not issue or sell any share f rom its treasury without proper approval from its shareholders. (Fisher, 2003) B. The Economic reasons for mergers and acquisitions are some economic benefits that are obtained by means of mergers and acquisitions. The benefits are as follows: Efficiency: Mergers and acquisitions help firms to add up their assets. ... Besides getting efficiency at operational level, mergers and acquisitions also help in providing efficiency at management level to some extent. When a firm involves in the process of merging with another firm or taking over the assets of any other company, then it becomes possible to generate a market controlled by corporate. (Hunt, 2009; Sherman and Hart, 2006) Financial benefits: By taking over the assets of other firms, a business organization can follow the route of diversification of its earnings. This type of diversification causes a significant fall in the variation in the area of profitability of the company and thus helps in making a reduction in the risks of bankruptcy as well as attendant costs. Market power effect: Mergers and acquisitions is also helpful in providing greater amount of market power that in turn offers many benefits to the companies who involve in the process of merging. (Galpin and Herndon, 2007) Sometimes mergers and actuations become unsuccessful for th e following reasons: First, mergers influence organizational culture to a large extent. On account of mergers and acquisitions the employees of the merging companies have to experience rigorous anxiety. This kind of anxiety causes a fall in the level of productivity. Second, frequently, mergers are done with wrong intentions. Often, mergers or takeovers are used for seeking glory or to express financial strength. Third, the success derived from mergers and acquisitions is frequently hindered by variations in the work cultures as well as corporate activities of the firm which are involved in the process of mergers and acquisitions. Fourth, once the process of mergers and acquisitions becomes complete, firms generally put their focus on the issues relating to cost reduction rather than

Vulgar and horrid Essay Example for Free

Vulgar and horrid Essay Look at the significance of Chapter 5 to the novel as a whole. Look at the relevance and affect of the writers use of language to describe setting, character, and what it shows about social and historical inferences. The story of Frankenstein was written in 1818 by well known British author, Mary Shelley. She wrote this novel when she was only eighteen years old after having a horrendous nightmare about an evil scientist bringing to life a human like monster. She got this inspiration from observing Luigi Gavoni, a scientist who used electrical impulses to make dead frogs move. This novel follows the life of the character Victor Frankenstein and his Monster prior to it being made, during the process and after. Frankenstein has a prominent message throughout, that of not judging someone by their appearance but by their inner beauty. Mary Shelley also clearly puts forward her thoughts of the immorality of making life out of dead parts through explaining the trauma Frankenstein has caused to this. She has very clear views that anything that has been unnaturally conceived is wrong. In the opening paragraph of Chapter 5 readers are enlightened of Frankensteins emotions towards the monster which vary from being proud of his accomplishment, to pain, to distress. The first sentence of this paragraph is written with the use of pathetic fallacy, dreary night of November. This sets the mood instantly for the reader and creates an atmosphere of portentousness in the story. Pathetic fallacy is used again in this paragraph, rain pattered dismally. This is done deliberately by Mary Shelley as she wants the first paragraph to contrast with the emotions of Frankenstein. A mood of bleakness is set which contrasts with Frankensteins enthusiasm. Frankenstein embarks with a feeling of excitement as he is bringing to life the monster, with this, he quotes the words anxiety, spark, but interrupts himself with extreme distress as he realises he has brought to life a corpse of a creature which shouldnt have been summoned to life. He then uses words like catastrophe and wretch to describe its horrid appearance. Frankenstein says great God! which is linked to religious meanings. Shelley shows Frankenstein saying this quote as she is against the fact that the creature that has been manufactured, she uses this specific term as being religious it goes against her beliefs of natural reproduction. Shelley emphasises her disgust towards the creature by doing this. Frankenstein now realises the extreme stress he has put on his body during the two years he created and developed the monster, deprived myself of rest and health. Here the writer infers clear disproval of Frankenstein and his creation as she repeats all the disasters he has caused due to his actions. The first sentence of the second paragraph, how can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe immediately indicates to the reader that Frankenstein is disgusted with the first appearance of the newly born monster. He describes it as vulgar and horrid. These extreme words show Frankensteins pure hate for the creature. As the story progresses, Frankensteins state of mind slowly deteriorates. He realises how excited and happy he was before the beauty of the dream vanished, and how he is now. Shelley writes this to teach her readers about the consequences of doing these un-natural experiments and playing with Gods creation of man. The monster flees and as of that, Frankensteins fear worsens to paranoia. Frankenstein is shown to be so disturbed that he cannot even sleep. He has wild dreams that he sees his beloved Elizabeth who ends up being the corpse of his dead mother. Frankenstein is so disorientated; he loses his natural immunity and becomes ill. He works himself up so much that he gets in such a poor state and is bed ridden with a fever. Cold dew covered my forehead. At this moment in the story, the reader is starting to lose interest of the suffering of Frankenstein as he has been dragging out his suffering for almost a whole chapter. At the beginning you acknowledged his suffering but it eventually becomes tedious. I passed the night wretchedly. Mary Shelley does this on purpose to emphasise the point that Frankenstein has been wrong in his doings. She makes the reader dislike Frankenstein through over explaining. This may be a consequence of Frankensteins actions, people disliking him.

Guidelines on Human Resource Management Policies

Guidelines on Human Resource Management Policies SRTATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT HR professionals, help people in an organizations management. They identify the best candidates and employers to fill open positions is an employees right to work, to make sure that. HR professionals to apply for workers compensation, workplace safety, benefits and value through the development of programs related to employee relations employees are working to keep. Recruitment and selection Recruitment of specialists working to fill open positions within the organization. Must comply with the internal rules of engagement and compliance with all laws and regulations that deal with discrimination in the recruitment process. These companies can staff post ads for jobs, CV-screen candidates to interview and recommendations from recruiters. Examples of work in connection with this feature is a recruiter, recruiting specialized staff and manager. Compensation and Benefits Compensation and Benefits professional staff to ensure that their jobs will be right back. Its like they have health insurance, medical and vision insurance, life insurance and short-term disability coverage for employees who work to provide such benefits. In the field of industry, labor and wage data analytics professionals to conduct research, prepare and distribute reports for staff compensation and benefit packages may have trouble negotiating with external suppliers. Wages, benefits consultants, compensation and benefits management, reward management and staff researchers working in the area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹compensation and benefits, there are some in the industry. Health and safety A master of the health and safety of their employees with vested interest in work-related injury, a considerable amount of money every year is the price. Professional health and safety protection programs, the implementation of health policy and security, and to work with state and federal safety regulations to ensure compliance with development work and to prevent occupational diseases and accidents. In this area of work security director, security supervisor, member wellness package planner and executive of member wellness. Labour and Employee Relations Labour relations between the employer and its employees. Works in the field of industrial relations, between the manager and the worker will be able to negotiate a deal. Solve problems related to employee performance, employee relations worker. They maintain a positive employer-employee relationship and a mental collapse and reduced production stops. Available in the field of employee relations and human resources and employee relations representative vacant labour relations consultants, industry relations, managers, labor relations director, manager, employee relations, including consultants,. Training Training and development professionals assess the training needs of the organization, the training of staff and evaluation of the results of the session ended. If these professionals can make plans for a new orientation and employee training programs for knowledgeable workers. Preparation experts also make sure that personnel comprehensive exercise as vital by the safety and health Administration, or OSHA frequency and other organizations. Work in the field’s necessary training, coaching and development manager, instructional designers, e-learning specialist, director of learning and development, learning and professional development and training and development manager. Risk Management Business risk management is a technique used to transfer the risk to the organization. In human resources, risk management is analysing each region and identify potentially harmful. For example, professional risk management practices employment agency looking to find out if there are potentially discriminatory and may lead to a lawsuit. The risk during this process is the possibility of abuse, loss of property, injury and damage to the company. Our work in this area is extremely dangerous and risk management manager. Managers and Directors Human resource managers and directors of human resources to manage the work of other experts. Managers can act as a bridge between employees and management, the companys growth strategy will make recommendations for the new hiring and compensation policies. HR Director as information of all characteristics of HR management. Meet these goals and support staff to carry out the goals of the department directors. The human resource director to resolve a controversial or sensitive issues, conflict resolution and mediation skills needed to improve. ANSWER 3.2 REQUIREMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE POLICIES Guidelines on the development of HR Policies 1. Introduction It is clear that the development of human resources and evaluation of policies, guidelines and try to clearly delineate the characters and accountabilities of those convoluted in the work process of communication. The role of the leader of the five stages of organizational development of a suitable work area, according to the principles described in the study and development of the human resources division synchronized with the field. 2. Design and Development 2.1Stage 1 Identification Over the years, people departmental resources in Human Resources Committee updated on the development and implementation of related design. Division in the development, he called me, and improve and make progress, people will be given. School officials, teachers, and safety of the environment in the data, and the organization down. 2.2 Stage 2 Scoping Community Resources community will begin the process of demarcation of skin conditions and direct strategies to ensure that the policy is in accordance with the instructions of the branch instructions. Management team to identify people who will lead in determining the course of development, equality and diversity policies and services. Team management will be identified and involved in the regulation expires. Each will lead to facilitate focus groups, which will be held on the advice of its human resources and management, management of school / school is responsible for managing the program, and the Director of the loans, using / use policy. Focus groups can be represented by the President and others as may be required with the help of information technology. Accruals usually takes up to 4 weeks. 2.3 Stage 3 Drafting Focus groups and the development of the first draft of the policy to be considered in the context of retaining executives. At this point, research focus groups in the working groups for each of the representatives to formulate policy. Policy development activities that can be done by staff in the field, a series of meetings with the possibility, either. Although the development of policies in all discussions / documents will be treated confidentially. Ensure that the design of policy and action plan for the implementation of the policy, adequate capacity and the device can be managed by a group of human resource management is presented. Consultation usually lasts up to 4 weeks. 2.4 Stage 4 Consultation In the design of the scope of the plan that I have to be sent to the ministry of the heads of the University of the Department / Director, the Unions to consult with their own members and, where appropriate, to drink in he chooses; more extensively and in the design of lorem University. Its a life he wishes to and promotions where appropriate, in like manner shall they be judged by the legal obligations was also instructed that Antiochus and the University will be used to provide consulted. All the feedback will be collected, and peruolutandi in the design is going to be necessary to be done, for example. Consultation relating to the maximum six weeks. 2.5 Stage 5 Approval Approval of the Executive Board must be some areas. Final draft was approved by the Human Resources Committee and under the formal nature of the universe explained that no amount of advice from the staff of the company. 3. Implementation 3.1 Plan will have three stages. As suitable the Human Resources Division will graft with the Welsh Language Services to confirm the Welsh translation of all applicable certification in line with the University’s Welsh Language Scheme. 3.2 Subsequent support by the Academy the new policy will be dispersed to all Heads of School and Trade Unions for their evidence, the strategy decide be located on the website and a sign located on the University notice board recommending control of the new procedure and other acknowledged statement procedures proper to the Policy. 3.3 A sequences of updating factories will be applied to connect the strategy. The Human Resources Partition will work with Schools/Directorates to recognise any improvement essentials in virtual to the new policy and will develop an appropriate development programme for staff involved. 4. Monitoring 4.1 Monitoring procedures, with Equality and Diversity Impact assessments, for strategies will be recognised and practical where appropriate; this will be contingent on the specific need of the policy. 4.2 These guidelines will be rehabilitated and assessed yearly to safeguard their efficiency. REFERENCE http://work.chron.com/types-human-resources-management-jobs-14618.html http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/humrs/staffinfo/policyprocedures/guidelinesonthedevelopmenthrpolicies.html